1. 英语从句的原理
例句:
(主语)(动词)(宾语)
兔子吃了根胡萝卜
换成第一人称视角后:
我看见兔子吃了根胡萝卜
I saw that the rabbit ate a carrot
( 句子成分-宾语从句 )
( 整句(复杂句) )
I saw that the rabbit ate a carrot
( B )( A )
↓ ↓
主句 从句
1.1 英语的三种句子
简单句 —— Simple Sentences —— 不能再拆复合句 —— Compound Sentences —— 不分主次复杂句 —— Complex Sentences —— 主句+从句
2. 英语从句的分类
主语+动词 主语从句主语+动词+宾语 宾语从句主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 宾语从句主语+动词+宾语+(宾语)补语 宾语补语从句主语+动词+(主语)补语(表语) 表语从句定语,状语,同位语 定语从句,状语从句,同位语从句
2.1 形容词从句
这类从句对某个人或事物进行描述,具有形容词的性质。
同时,因为它在句子充当定语这个句子成份,所以也被成为定语从句
2.1.1 形容词从句的思维方式
在中文中:
这根胡萝卜是我买来的
在英文里:
{定语/形容词/关系 从句}
a carrot that I bought
(先行词) (关系词)
解释:
a carrot 可以看作是被修饰的词语
that I bought 即是在描述一个事实,可以说是形容词。
同时也可以说是关系词,因为该句子与 a carrot这个被修饰的词语发生了关系。
也可以说这是定语,因为该句子确定了与 a carrot 这个被修饰的词语的关系。
所以 that I bought 可以说成是定语从句,a carrot就是被修饰的主句
总结:
中文:
这兔子在吃一根我买来的胡萝卜
英文:
(这兔子在吃一根胡萝卜(【胡萝卜的关系词】我买))
The rabbit is eating a carrot that I bought
2.1.2 形容词从句的构成
2.1.2.1 关系代词
可以注意下:
The food which the teacher likes is carrot.The rabbit is eating a carrot that I bought.
which和that 经常可以互换,
也就是说,句子
The food that the teacher likes is carrot.
也是没有问题的
2.1.2.3 that vs which
先行词是唯一的:that先行词多选一:which
意思就是说,当物体确定只有单个的时候使用 that。
而当物体不确定是单个或者说确定多个的时候使用 which
that:
The rabbit ate the largest carrot that I’ve ever seen.
all the rabbits that ate a carrot.
the only rabbit that ate a carrot.
the first rabbit that ate a carrot.
这些例句中,all、only、first 也明确表明了对象,没得选,所以也只能用 that
which:
The rabbit ate a carrot which I bought
(这兔子在吃我买来的胡萝卜中的某一个)
The rabbit ate a carrot that I bought
(这兔子在吃我买来的那一根胡萝卜)
2.1.2.4 关系副词
副词其实和之前的关系代词引导差不多
This was the place where the rabbit ate the carrot.
This is the reason why the rabbit ate the carrot.
That was the day when the rabbit ate the carrot for the first time.
将以上 副词 形式转换成 代词 后
This was the place at which the rabbit ate the carrot.
This is the reason for which the rabbit ate the carrot.
That was the day on which the rabbit ate the carrot for the first time.
2.1.3 形容词从句的限定性和非限定性
限定性
{ 限定carrot的范围/性质 }
The rabbit ate the carrot which was on the table.
(兔子吃了桌子上的某一根胡萝卜) —— 暗喻胡萝卜很多
非限定性
The rabbit ate the carrot,which was on the table.
(兔子吃了一根胡萝卜,这是在桌子上的那根)
—— 这句话完全可以翻译为:
The rabbit ate the carrot, the carrot was on the table.
(兔子吃了一根胡萝卜,这胡萝卜是在桌子上的)
这里换成 which 完全就是为了避免 the rabbit 发生重复.
这样的从句其实压根没有限定的作用!因为只不过使用了个 代词 ‘接着说话’ 而已
2.1.3.1 非限定性形容词从句作插入语
My head, which is big, is useful when it rains.
(我有大头,下雨不愁)
The biggest carrot, which the rabbit ate, was on the table
(最大的那根胡萝卜在桌上,兔子吃了它)
2.1.3.2 非限定性形容词从句指代整句话
The rabbit ate the carrot,which was not surprising.
(兔子吃了胡萝卜,这事不令人吃惊)
2.2 名词从句
2.2.1 主语从句
2.2.1.1 原理
{从属连词}
That the rabbit ate a carrot is obvious.
(兔子吃了胡萝卜,是明显的)
这里 that 代表了 从句 即将开始。
所以 that 也可以被称作引导词,这是中文里没有的。
说白了,主语从句就是句子主语由从句充当,其他的成分该怎么来怎么来
{ 主语从句 }
That the rabbit ate a carrot is obvious.
可被替换{名词/被动语态/不及物动词}
That the rabbit ate a carrot happened.
That the rabbit ate a carrot is a secret.
That the rabbit ated a carrot so cute.
2.2.1.2 形式主语
{ 主语 } { 形容 }
that the hubgry rabbit had already eaten a carrot for dinner this evening is obvious
(饿了的兔子今天晚饭已经吃了根胡萝卜是明显的)
这样的句子其实看着没有问题,表述的也没问题,但是说着很费劲,我们需要读完这个句子才知道表达的意思。
主要就是说明这个事件本身是明显的,到最后才知道表达的意思。
therefore~ 所以
我们可以进行更改,也是正常语句:
It is obvious that the hungry rabbit had already eaten a carrot for dinner this evening
(很明显,饿了的兔子今天晚饭已经吃了根胡萝卜)
这里是It 指的是后面的描述句子 “that the hungry rabbit had already eaten a carrot for dinner this evening”
这样语句表达是意思才开始就可以说明
例:
That the rabbit ate a carrot is a secret.
That the rabbit ate a carrot was discussed.
That the rabbit ate a carrot happened.
--------- 可以变为 -----------
It is secretThat the rabbit ate a carrot
It was discussed That the rabbit ate a carrot
It happened That the rabbit ate a carrot
2.2.2 宾语从句
2.2.2.1 确定信息作宾语从句
I saw that the rabbit ate a carrot.
(我看见这兔子吃了根胡萝卜)
2.2.2.2 不确定信息作宾语从句
I saw whether the rabbit ate the carrot.
I saw who ate the carrot.
I saw what the rabbit ate.
I saw where the rabbit ate the carrot.
I saw when the rabbit ate the carrot.
I saw how the rabbit ate the carrot.
注意点:除了某些介词参与的情况,**从句的引导词(who\what\where\when)**基本都在从句的开头
2.2.2.3 引导词that的省略
I know (that) rabbit ate a carrot.
that 可以省略
注意:
类似于 whether\who\what\where\when\how 这类引导词就不可以省略
而有些地方,that也不可以省略,例如:
I didn’t know that the rabbit ate the carrot and that you saw it.
这句话有两个宾语从句,
这只胡萝卜吃了根胡萝卜这个动作我看见了
如果进行了删除
I didn’t know the rabbit ate the carrot and you saw it.
语义就变为了单纯的陈述句,是一种很确定的语气
再例如:
I know, just like you do, that the rabbit ate the carrot.
如果这里 that 去掉了那么可以认为这句话有语病,因为这会让人反应不过来后面是个从句
I know, just like you do, the rabbit ate the carrot. × 错误的
2.2.2.4 某些词后的宾语从句的否定
I dont't think (that) the rabbit is smart.(我不认为这只兔子很聪明)
I dont'tbelieve (that) you will give me some coins.(我相信你会给我一些硬币)
I dont't expect (that) you will give this video a thumbs-up.(我预计你会给我这个视频点赞)
我们可以发现,基本上**从句的否定词都是加载谓语动词前,而非从句中**
如果加在从句中,可能会使语义产生微妙的变化
I think (that) the rabbit isn't smart.(我认为这只兔子不聪明)
I believe (that) you won't give me some coins.(我相信你不会给我一些硬币)
I expect (that) you won't give this video a thumbs-up.(我预计你不会给我这个视频点赞)
2.2.2.5 主从时态一致
在从句中,主句跟从句的时态通常是需要一致的
例如:
I don’t think you=='re== right.I didn't think you were right.
主句: I don’t think . 从句:you are right.
如果主句的时态需要更改,那么与之跟随的从句的时态也要修改
2.2.3 表语从句
(主语) (表语)
I am a rabbit.
(主语) (表语)
the carrot tastes good.
表语从句:用一个从句充当系动词之后的那个表语
----------------------------主语从句 ==》 表语从句---------------------------------
主语从句:
That the rabbit ate a carrot is a sceret.
表语从句:
the sceret is that the rabbit ate a acarrot.
2.2.4 同位语从句
The fact that the rabbit ate the carrot did not surprise me.
兔子吃了胡萝卜这个事实并没有让我吃惊.
分析:
这里的fact事实,与the rabbit ate the carrot指的是同一件事情,所以是相同的意思出现在了一个句子中,所以是同位语从句。
同位语从句更能表现事实现实确认的事情
例句:
The question whether the rabbit will eat the carrot is on all our minds.
(兔子是否会吃胡萝卜这个问题萦绕在我们所有人心中。)
the questsion后面由经由whether the rabbit will eat the carrot 再次强调了一次,两者指同一件事,属于同位语从句
I have no idea who ate the carrot.
(我不知道谁吃了那胡萝卜。)
其中,idea是宾语,who ate the carrot又把idea重新定义了一次,所以是同位语从句。
who ate the carrot是句子中idea的同位语。
2.3 副词从句(状语从句)
副词从句:一般补充说明动词,形容词,副词等
将副词从句分类可以分为:
表时间(如:在…前)表地点(如:在…地方)表条件(如:如果…)表让步(如:虽然…但是…)表方式(如:就好像…)表比较(如:比…)表原因(如:因为…所以…)表目的(如:为了…)表结果(如:所以…)
2.3.1 时间副词从句
2.3.1.1 时间点之前
在某个时间点之前,引导词类似于:before
(主句) (引导词) (从句)
The rabbit ate a carrot at home before the wolf stopped by.
(在大灰狼串门之前兔子吃了根胡萝卜)
---------------也可以从句在前,主句在后-----------
before the wolf stopped by,The rabbit ate a carrot at home.
(在大灰狼串门之前,兔子吃了根胡萝卜)
2.3.1.2 时间点当中
在某个时间点之中(当时),引导词类似于:when,while,as
(主句) (引导词) (从句)
The rabbit was eating a carrot when I reached home.
(我到家的时候,兔子在吃胡萝卜)
The rabbit was eating a carrot while I was making a video.
(我做视频的过程中,兔子在吃胡萝卜)
I ate a carrot as I made the video.
(我一边吃胡萝卜一边做视频.)
三者的不同点:
when:时间点 “突然”的意思
The rabbit was eating a carrot at home when the wolf stopped by.
(兔子在家吃胡萝卜的时候(突然) 大灰狼来串门了。)
While:一个时间段内
The rabbit was eating a carrot while I was making a video.
(我做视频的过程中,兔子在吃胡萝卜)
As:同时
I ate a carrot as I made the video.
(我一边吃胡萝卜一边做视频)
2.3.1.3 时间点之后
在某一时间点之后,引导词:after
(主句) (引导词) (从句)
The rabbit was ate a carrot after the wolf stopped by.
(大灰狼串过门之后兔子吃了根胡萝卜)
2.3.1.4 从之前某个时间点开始算
从之前某个时间点开始算:引导词:since
需要使用完成状态,因为会对之后造成影响
The rabbit has shared three carrots since the wolf stopped by.
(自从大灰狼来串门,兔子已经分享了三根胡萝卜了.)
The rabbit has not stopped sharing carrots since the wolf stopped by.
(自从大灰狼来串门,兔子就一直在分享胡萝卜)
2.3.1.5 直到之后某一时间点
直到之后某一时间点,引导词:until
The rabbit waited until the wolf stopped by.
(兔子一直在等.直到大灰狼来串门。)
The rabbit didn’t eat any carrotuntilthe wolf stoppedby.
(兔子直到大灰狼来串门才吃了胡萝卜)
2.3.1.6 一…就…
一…就…,引导词:as soon as
就是一个动词紧跟着一个动作发生
the rabbit will eat a carrot as soon as the wolf leaves.
(大灰狼一离开兔子就要吃一根胡萝卜.)
2.3.1.7 下次…
下次…,引导词:next time
the rabbit will share the biggest carrot the next time the wolf stops by.
(下次大灰狼来串门,兔子会一起分享最大的胡萝卜。)
2.3.2 地点副词(状语)从句
引导词:where + “强调形式”
wherever,everywhere,anywhere
The rabbit ate the carrot where he found it
(兔子在找到胡萝卜的地方吃了它)
如何区别定语从句?
(副词从句)
The rabbit ate the carrot where he found it.
被修辞词 (定语从句)
The rabbit ate the carrot at the place where he found it.
这里定语从句是修饰了at the place这个地点,而副词从句where he found it 是直接表达了地点
(表语从句)
This is where he found the carrot.
(主语从句)
Where he found the carrot is a secret.
再看表语从句和主语从句
所以我们光看where是不能够看出句子是属于什么从句的
where + “强调形式”
这里的强调形式有些类似于中文的:不管哪里,所有地方,不论…
The rabbit will go where he can find a carrot.
(这兔子会去任何它能找到胡萝卜的地方)
(强调:”不管“哪里)
The rabbit will go wherever he can find a carrot.
(这兔子不管哪里只要发现胡萝卜它就会去)
(强调:“所有”地方)
The rabbit sees a carrot everywhere he goes.
(这兔子在 它到的地方 都看见一根胡萝卜)
(强调:“任何”地方)
The rabbit can eat a carrot anywhere he likes.
(这兔子可以在任何它喜欢的地方吃一根胡萝卜。)
等效的定语从句:
The rabbit sees a carrot everywhere he goes. = The rabbit sees a carrot every place where he goes.
The rabbit can eat a carrot anywhere he likes. = The rabbit can eat a carrot at any place where he likes.
2.3.3 比较副词从句
2.3.3.1 形容词:比较级
smart, smarter
big, bigger
beautiful, more beautiful
He is smarter than me.
(他比我聪明)
This carrot is bigger than that one.
(这根胡萝卜比那根大)
She is as beautiful as snow whtie.
(她和白雪公主一样漂亮)
2.3.3.2 比较副词从句:“更…”
He is smarter than me.
He is smarter than I am.
This carrot is bigger than that one.
This carrot is bigger than that one is.
She is more beautiful than snow whtie.
She is more beautiful than snow whtie is.
2.3.3.3 比较副词从句:“同样得…”
He is as smart as I am.This carrot is as big as that one is.She is as beautiful as Snow White is.
i am 可以替换为:me
句子后面的 is 可以省略
2.3.3.4 比较副词从句:“越…越…”
the(比较级),the(比较级)
the more you practice English, the more fluent you become.
(你越多练习英语,你就越流利。)
the more coins you give me, the more videos I make.
(你投币越多,我做的视频也就越多)
2.3.4 条件副词从句
引导词:if、unless、provided、as long as、in case
If the rabbit sees a carrot, he will eat it.
(如果这兔子看见根胡萝卜,它会吃了那根胡萝卜)
If the rabbit sees a carrot 这个条件只是单纯的假设,属于“真实条件句”
If I saw a carrot, I would eat it.
(如果我看见一根胡萝卜,我会吃了它)
2.3.4.1 主将从现
主将从现:意思就是主句用将来时态,而从句用现在时态
{ 从句(一般现在时态)}{主句(一般将来时态)}
If the rabbit sees a carrot, he will eat it.
看 “从现” 这个概念
现在时并不是说一般现在时:
Rabbit eat carrots.The sun rises in the east.
而是针对于每句话来说,从句的时态都要 现在时态进行改变
例如:现在进行的动作,从句就必须使用 现在进行时态
The rabbit is eating a carrotThe sun is rising above the earth.
第一种情况:
当不确定时间信息时,需要使用一般的,也就是使用一般现在时态
第二种情况:
当句子确定明确了时间信息,那么代表将要做的动作,需要使用一般将来时态
例句:
If I saw a carrot, I would eat it.
其他引导词例句:
provided that my video is excellent, you will give it a thumbs-up.
(如果我的视频很棒,你会给它点赞)
As long as I make excellent videos, you will remain my follower.
(只要我一直做高质量视频,你就会继续关注我)
In case you don’t understand, please comment below.
(如果你不明白,请在下方评论)
2.3.5 让步副词从句
其实就是 对一个事实很明确了,但是会去反对这个事实。
看成:即使...不会....。尽管....不能....。就可以了
Even if I see a carrot, I will not eat it.
(即使我看到了一根胡萝卜,我也不会吃它)
Although I see a carrot, I will not eat it.
(尽管我看到了一根胡萝卜,但我不会吃它)
注意:虽然在中文中有 虽然…但是,这样的组合词,但是在英文中是没有的。
Although 这里的尽管配合 I see a carrot从句 I will not eat it 主句 已经构成了复杂句了(complex distance)
如果要使用 但是,那么:
I see a carrot, but I not eat it.
(我看见一根胡萝卜,但我不会吃它)
这样的句子构成复合句,就已经复合语义了
No matter what happens, I will not eat the carrot.
(不管什么事情会发生,我都不会吃这胡萝卜)
No matter who orders me, I will not eat the carrot.
(不管谁命令我,我都不会吃这胡萝卜)
No matter how hungry I am, I will not eat the carrot.
(不管我有多饿,我都不会吃这胡萝卜)
2.3.6 方式副词从句
I feel good as if I had just eaten a carrot.
(我感觉良好,就好像我刚吃了跟胡萝卜一样)
方式副词从句就是提出一个与当前事实相反的假设,并且假设是过去完成某事一样
可以与 条件副词从句相比较:
If I had eaten a carrot, I would have felt good.
(如果我刚才吃了根胡萝卜,我现在就会感觉良好)
You spend money the way (in which) millionaires do.
(你花钱的方式就像百万富翁一样)
You spend money the way 确定的事实
millionaires do. 提出当前事实相反的假设。(就像百万富翁一样)
Eat the carrot the way (in which) I eat it.
(像我那样吃胡萝卜)
2.3.7 原因副词从句-目的副词从句-结果副词从句
原因-目的-结果 这三类从句的共同点都是表示了 某种因果关系
即:A 导致 B 这样的情况
2.3.7.1 原因副词从句
(原因副词从句)
The rabbit ate the carrot because he was hungry.
(兔子吃了胡萝卜,因为它饿了)
Since you are hungry, you can eat the carrot.
(既然你饿了,你可以吃这胡萝卜)
As you were not here, we ate the carrot without you.
(因为你之前不在这,所以吃胡萝卜没带你一个)
因果/语气:
because > since > as
because:表达的是实实在在的因果关系
Because the video is excellent, you should give it a thumbs-up.
(因为这视频很棒,所以要点赞)
since:表达的是大家都已经知道的情况
Since all my videos are excellent, you should give this video a thumbs-up.
(众所周知,英语兔只出精品,所以要点赞)
as:表达的是显而易见的事实
As I have thick skin, I’m begging you for a thumbs-up.
(显而易见我脸皮很厚,所以求你点赞)
语序:
由 as 和 since 引导的从句一般只能放在主句之前
{ 从句 + 主句 }
而 because 引导的从句就哪里都能放了
{ 从句 + 主句 } { 主句 + 从句 }
{ 原因 } { 结果 }
Because you like me, you have given all my video a thumbs-up.
(因为你喜欢我,所以你给所有英语兔视频都点赞了)
{ 推测的结果 } { 这么推测的原因 }
You must really like me, for you have given all my videos a thumbs-up.
(你一定喜欢我,因为你给所有英语兔视频都点赞了)
for 也可以表达因果关系,但是使用 for 的句子就不是 复杂句 而是 复合句,也就是说
You must really like me 和 you have given all my videos a thumbs-up 是两个相等句意的句子,不是主句跟从句关系
2.3.7.2 目的副词从句
因为要达到目的 A(从句),所以做了 B(主句)
或者说,之所以做 B 是为了达到目的 A
{ 目的(“A”;从句) } { 事件(“B”;主句) }
In order that I could finish the video in time, I pulled an all-nighter.
(为了及时完成视频,我熬夜不睡)
目的副词从句中,一般使用这类 can、could、may、might、should、would 这类的情态助动词,因为这样能更好的体现目的性
2.3.7.3 结果副词从句
表目的
(“结果”)
The temperature was low so that the lake froze.
(气温很低,所以湖结冰了)
这里就是以 so that 为引导,表明了气温很低带来的结果是湖结冰了
so that 引导的才是副词从句,它的作用是解释说明主句的情况,是主句动作产生的结果
I like this video, so I’ll give it a thumbs-up.
(我喜欢这个视频,所以,我会给它点赞)
so 与so that 就好比 原因副词从句中的 because 跟 for
这里 so 也是将 I like this video 和 I’ll give it a thumbs-up. 看作了两个句子,不包含主从关系,变成复合句了。
I ate a lot of carrots for lunch so that I wasn’t hungry at all in the afternoon.
(我午饭吃了很多胡萝卜,所以下午一点也不饿。)
I ate so many carrots for lunch that I felt sick afterwards.
(我吃了那么过胡萝卜,==导致(结果是)==我之后感到不舒服)
It was such a tasty carrot that I ate it all at once.
(这是个如此好吃的胡萝卜,以至于我一下子就吃完了它)
3. ❤️英语全笔记~
【英语笔记(一)】概述词类的作用与语义:名词、代词、数词、代词、动词…,副词、不定式、分词、形容词等语义在句子中的作用;讲解表语、定语等
【英语笔记(二)】句子成分、基本句型;简单描述十大词类与从句的分类、助动词和非谓语动词的使用
【英语笔记(三)】介绍谓语动词的分类,初步讲解四种基本状态:一般、进行、完成、完成进行
【英语笔记(四)】诠释所有16种英语时态,介绍每种时态下的动词变形!!含有所有时态的的动词变形汇总表格
【英语笔记(五)】学习虚拟、陈述、祈使三种语气用法;谓语动词和非谓语动词的区分;还学习动词不定式、动名词的各种使用方法;区别现在分词和过去分词,全在本文!!
【英语笔记(六)】本文介绍:独立主格、cloud、may、must、would、should、dare情态动词;基本be、have、do助动词的使用;系动词讲解、make、let使役动词
4. 💕👉博客专栏
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